Chapter 12 Summary
1. Where did services originate?
Services are divided into five types, including two consumer services (retail and personal), two business services (producer and transportation), and public services. Services originated in settlement. Early settlements, established to serve rural areas, provided primarily personal and public services.
2. Why are consumer services distributed in a regular pattern?
Consumer services attract customers from market areas of varying size. Geographers calculate whether a sercies can be profitable within a market area. In more developed countries, market areas form a regular hierarchy by size and distance from each other.
3. Why do business servcies locate in large settlements?
Financial, professional, and other business services cluster disproportionately in large world cities to support the operations of major corporations. World cities also play major retail-, personal-, and public-service functions.
4. Why do services cluster downtown?
The central business district contains a large percentage of a settlement's retail and producer services. Producer services cluster downtown to facilitate face-to-face contact. Retailers with large thresholds or large ranges locate downtown, as well as those attracting producer-service workers. Many services have moved to suburban locations in recent years.
Chapter 13 Summary
1. Where have urban areas grown?
Urbanization involves increases in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban areas. More developed countries have higher percentages of urban residents, but less developed countries now have most of the largest urban areas.
2. Where are people distributed within urban areas?
Three models explain where various groups of people live in urban areas: the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models. Combined, the three models present a useful framework for understanding the distribution of social and economic groups within urban areas. With modifications, the models also apply to cities in Europe and less developed countries.
3. Why do inner cities have distinctive problems?
Inner city residential areas have physical problems stemming from the high percentage of older deteriorated housing, social problems stemming from the high percentage of low-income households, and economic problems stemming from a gap between demand for services and supply of local tax revenue.
4. Why do suburbs have distinctive problems?
The suburban lifestyle as exemplified by the detached single-family house with surrounding yard attracts most people. Transportation improvements, most notably the railroad in the 19th century and the automobile in the 20th century, have facilitated the sprawl of urban areas. Among the negative consequences of large scale sprawl are segregation and inefficiency.
1. Where did services originate?
Services are divided into five types, including two consumer services (retail and personal), two business services (producer and transportation), and public services. Services originated in settlement. Early settlements, established to serve rural areas, provided primarily personal and public services.
2. Why are consumer services distributed in a regular pattern?
Consumer services attract customers from market areas of varying size. Geographers calculate whether a sercies can be profitable within a market area. In more developed countries, market areas form a regular hierarchy by size and distance from each other.
3. Why do business servcies locate in large settlements?
Financial, professional, and other business services cluster disproportionately in large world cities to support the operations of major corporations. World cities also play major retail-, personal-, and public-service functions.
4. Why do services cluster downtown?
The central business district contains a large percentage of a settlement's retail and producer services. Producer services cluster downtown to facilitate face-to-face contact. Retailers with large thresholds or large ranges locate downtown, as well as those attracting producer-service workers. Many services have moved to suburban locations in recent years.
Chapter 13 Summary
1. Where have urban areas grown?
Urbanization involves increases in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban areas. More developed countries have higher percentages of urban residents, but less developed countries now have most of the largest urban areas.
2. Where are people distributed within urban areas?
Three models explain where various groups of people live in urban areas: the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models. Combined, the three models present a useful framework for understanding the distribution of social and economic groups within urban areas. With modifications, the models also apply to cities in Europe and less developed countries.
3. Why do inner cities have distinctive problems?
Inner city residential areas have physical problems stemming from the high percentage of older deteriorated housing, social problems stemming from the high percentage of low-income households, and economic problems stemming from a gap between demand for services and supply of local tax revenue.
4. Why do suburbs have distinctive problems?
The suburban lifestyle as exemplified by the detached single-family house with surrounding yard attracts most people. Transportation improvements, most notably the railroad in the 19th century and the automobile in the 20th century, have facilitated the sprawl of urban areas. Among the negative consequences of large scale sprawl are segregation and inefficiency.
